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Knowledge of inorganic nitrate dietary survey-2 (KINDS-2): a multinational cross-sectional study of nitrate knowledge, beliefs and purchasing behaviours in the general population and healthcare professionals

Lookup NU author(s): Dr Oliver ShannonORCiD

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Abstract

© 2026 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Dietary inorganic nitrate has cardioprotective and ergogenic effects, yet public and professional knowledge remains poorly characterised. In the KINDS-2 multinational cross-sectional survey, we assessed knowledge, beliefs and purchasing behaviours in a general population cohort (UK, USA, Australia; n = 2,970, recruited via Prolific) and a healthcare professional (HCP) cohort (42 countries; n = 498, recruited via professional networks). Knowledge was scored using cohort-specific indices and a harmonised cross-cohort comparable index (CCC-NKI; 20 points, seven domains). Knowledge was low in both cohorts: general population median 8.9/21, with only 28.7% having heard of dietary nitrate (USA 36.4%, UK 15.0%, Australia 11.2%); HCPs median 11.5/23. On the CCC-NKI, HCPs scores were higher in the general population (median 10 vs. 8; p < 0.001). Identifying nitrate-rich foods was the strongest correlate of total score yet showed no between-cohort difference. Most participants were willing to consume nitrate-rich foods given supporting evidence. These findings underscore the need for targeted education.

Publication metadata

Author(s): Nguyen VH, Shannon OM, Burton E, Stirling E, Farzam S, Benjamim J, Burley CV, Stephan BCM, Siervo M

Publication type: Article

Publication status: Published

Journal: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

Year: 2026

Pages: epub ahead of print

Online publication date: 13/07/2026

Acceptance date: 19/06/2026

Date deposited: 27/07/2026

ISSN (print): 0963-7486

ISSN (electronic): 1465-3478

Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.

URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2026.2694532

DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2026.2694532

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