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From nanoparticle-protein to nanoparticle-complement interactions

Lookup NU author(s): Professor Moein MoghimiORCiD

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Abstract

© 2026 Elsevier Ltd. Early studies with liposomes brought awareness to the impact of blood protein binding, notably opsonins and dysopsonins, on modulating vesicular recognition and clearance by phagocytic cells; a conclusion shared with the clearance trend of many other particulate drug delivery systems from the bloodstream. Complement opsonisation is a critical universal defence strategy and beyond promoting phagocytic clearance it can trigger inflammatory and adverse reactions. Complement opsonisation is a dynamic complex, multifactorial and regulated process, not only driven by the pristine characteristics of nanoparticles, but also through non-specific protein deposition, which vary significantly between individuals. The continuum of blood protein adsorption-desorption on nanoparticles raises critical questions on complement activation efficiency, opsonisation dynamics, and immune dysregulation. Here we discuss these issues and examine the underlying mechanisms. A thorough understanding of complement biology is essential for developing safer and more effective nanomedicines.

Publication metadata

Author(s): Moghimi SM, Haroon HB, Simberg D

Publication type: Note

Publication status: Published

Journal: Nano Today

Year: 2026

Volume: 70

Print publication date: 01/08/2026

Online publication date: 09/06/2026

Acceptance date: 05/06/2026

ISSN (print): 1748-0132

ISSN (electronic): 1878-044X

Publisher: Elsevier B.V.

URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2026.103101

DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.103101

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