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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Emma CunliffeORCiD
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In 1954, the international community completed the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, along with Regulations for execution and a First Protocol. The Convention defines cultural property to be protected, defines protection (safeguarding and respect), and provides protective measures, including a system of special protection for very important cultural property and a distinctive emblem (the blue shield). The First Protocol (also 1954) deals with the return of looted objects. It was followed by a Second Protocol in 1999, which clarifies terminology, and includes a new system of enhanced protection, legal advances in the laws of armed conflict (distinction, necessity, proportionality) as well as individual criminal responsibility.
Author(s): Cunliffe E, Gavira Díaz P
Editor(s): Irini Stamatoudi, Antonia Zervaki, and Maria Shehade
Publication type: Book Chapter
Publication status: In Press
Book Title: Elgar Research Handbook on Art, Culture, and Heritage
Year: 2026
Acceptance date: 31/01/2026
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Place Published: Gloucester
